Wireless Patient Monitoring

ABSTRACT 

Recently, the health care sensors are playing a vital role in hospitals. The patient monitoring systems is one of the major improvements because of its advanced technology. A wireless patient monitoring system to measure heartbeat, body temperature and movement of the hand of patient by using embedded technology is developed. Therefore, in our project we are using a temperature sensor, heartbeat sensor and an accelerometer i.e. movement sensor so that we can simultaneously monitor the patient’s physiological condition who is admitted to a hospital emergency. This project describes the design of a simple, micro-controller based heart rate, body temperature and body movement measuring device with LCD output. This information i.e. the heart rate, the body temperature and the body movement is then transmitted by wireless technology to the doctor who in not in the vicinity of the patient. The sensors measure the information and transmit it by the process of wireless transmission system. This wireless patient monitoring system is specially designed for those patients who require the assistance of multiple doctors such that the output from heart rate, temperature and the movement of hand thus measured is directly transmitted to the corresponding doctors within a hospital. This method is time efficient and more reliable. The doctor is able to monitor several patients while staying in his own department.

 Keywords : Patient monitoring system, wireless transmission, Heart beat sensor, LM35 temperature sensor, Accelerometer, Aurdino Uno, Xbee module, ATmega 328 microcontroller, Liquid Crystal Display, Keypad

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF CAPACITIVE ELECTRODES FOR WEARABLE ECG SENSOR

The technique of Capacitive Electrocardiography (cECG) is very promising in a flexible manner. The measurement and record of the electrical activity of the heart is an essential diagnostic tool. A wide range of heart conditions can be detected when interpreting the recorded ECG signal. The commonly used ECG machine used for patient diagnosis and supervision at present is expensive and stationary. On the present research work a small sized ECG embedded system capable to make the patient more mobile without losing the reliability of the ECG sensor. 

For patient at risk of developing cardiovascular complications, it is important to monitor their heart signal to ensure proper of their heart natural healthy cardiac cycle preferably; this monitoring should be done on a continuous and long term basis. These objectives can be achieved using the electrocardiogram while the traditional 12 lead ECG is currently used in hospital and clinical settings, the number of wires and the need for an electrolyte paste make the setup very inconvenient, invasive and unsuitable for long term use. The goal is to develop a clinical diagnostic system to take physiological signals from the patient and monitor on the digital oscilloscope continuously. This could permit the patient to be ambulatory and lead a relatively active life without being confined to a specific reason. 

The project deals specifically with the design of a dry portable ECG system. The exclusion of wet electrodes without direct patient contact is achieved using the insulated dry electrode. The fundamental concept involved is the principle of capacitive coupling and the use of an impedance transformation circuit at the head stage. An insulating dielectric layer is placed in direct contact with the patient’s T-shirt and a metal electrode goes on top. The electrode carries an AC bio-electric signal through the capacitance of the coupling and this can then be conditioned in the analog domain. An analog ECG signal can be extracted, which can be analyzed by the signal conditioning system (or ECG amplifier). 

Keywords: ECG electrocardiograph, capacitive coupling, dry electrode, non- contact, capacitive electrode. 

Universal Length Measuring Machine

This universal length measuring machine uses the principle of Laser Interferometry. It is used specially by the metro-logical standard bureaus, gauge manufactures, calibration laboratories for calibrating of any length measuring instruments like high-end scales, gauges etc...

The focus point is that, it is used to calibrate in the ultra high precision. This sophisticated system can be used for a wide variety of length measurement applications ranging up to several nanometers.

Basic Hardware of the Machine:

Granite Block is the heavy and single block made from granite which has the advantages of stability against the environmental conditions and vibrational effects. And all the other parts of the machine are mounted over the block and so the block is also known as the base of machine.

Laser Source, as the machine uses the principle of laser interferometry; the laser source is the main unit of the length measuring machine. This machine uses laser of fixed wavelength which is usually in between 600-650 nm.

 

                                    















Measuring Head is the another main part of the system, this unit is also mounted over the granite base which combinely uses pneumatic system with the air bearing for movement of the unit while performing job.

Carriage/Table is another supportive unit which is also mounted over the base. The work pieces are clause over the carriage or table.

Tail Stock is the fixed part of the machine that lies in the one end of the base (granite) which acts as like the fixed anvil.

Pneumatic System: The system as a whole needs compressed air for operation despite of electricity.

Software:

Computer and Software is the basic part of the system for processing and the final output of the whole job. As the machine uses laser interferometry principle, the complicated calculations are performed by its special purpose software.

what is the difference between jacket pressure gauge and chamber pressure gauge of the autoclave???

Many of us think pressure gauges for indicating pressure in the jacket and chamber of an autoclave are same. In case of Fully automatic autoclave with pulse vacuum system, it consists of jacket and chamber. Firstly the steam is stored in the jacket formed in the steam generator and after the process is to be forwarded the steam from the jacket is sent to the chamber for heating and sterilizing process.

To measure the required pressure there are 2 different types of pressure gauges, one for indicating jacket pressure and other type for indicating pressure in chamber. The pressure gauge that is used to measure pressure of jacket is the normal pressure gauge that starts from Zero but the pressure gauge which is used to measure pressure of chamber starts from negative i.e it indicates below Zero. As we can see the differences from the picture below that I have taken from One of the autoclave in a hospital.

The pressure Indicator of  the chamber pressure is also known as compound gauge which measures above and below (vacuum) atmospheric pressure.As the chamber needs to be vacuumed for several times before heating and feeding steam for better sterilization (also known as pulse vacuum type autoclave) the pressure in the chamber falls below zero, during this procedure autoclave has to sense the decrease in pressure and for that it needs compound pressure gauge.

Fig1A. Pressure Gauge For Indicating Jacket pressure

Fig1B. Pressure Gauge For Indicating Chamber Pressure

All Hospitals Inside Kathmandu And Around Kathmandu

S.N	Hospital Name	Address	Phone Number	Email Address
1	Bir hospital	Tundikhel, Kathmandu	014221119, 014223807, 014221988(emergency)
2	Tribhuwan university teaching hospital	Maharajgung,  Kathmandu	014412303, 014412404,014412505, 014412808
3	Maternity hospital/ Prasuti Griha	Thapathali, Kathmandu	01211243, 01214205
4	Kanti Children Hospital	Maharajgung, Kathmandu	014411134, 014411140, 0144111150
5	Sahid Gangalal National Heart Centre	Bansbari, Kathmandu	01431322, 014371374
6	Kathmandu Model Hospital	Bagbazar Kathmandu	014248058, 014242469
7	Vayodha International Hospital	Balkhu, Kathmandu	01428628, 014286427
8	Civil Service Hospital	New baneshowr, Kathmandu	014107000, 014107074,
9	Kathmandu Medical Teaching Hospital (K.M.C)	Sinamangal, Kathmandu	014469064, 014476152
10	Medicare National Hospital and Research Centre	Chabhil, Kathmandu	014467067
11	OM Hospital and Research Centre	Chabhil, Kathmandu	014476225
12	Sukraraj Tropical Disease Hospital	Teku, Kathmandu	01211112, 01211344
13	Nepal Eye Hospital	Tripureshowr Kathmandu	01215466, 01213317, 01212102
14	Tilganga Eye Hospital	Tilganga Kathmandu	014476575, 014474937
15	Kantipur Dental Hospital	Bansbari, Kathmandu	014371603
16	Kantipur Hospital Pvt. Ltd	Subidhanagar, Kathmandu	014111858, 014111957, 014111958
17	Birendra Army Hospital	Chhauni, Kathmandu	014271940, 014271965
18	Nepal Police Hospital	Maharajgung Kathmandu	014412530, 014412430, 014412630
19	Grande International Hospital	Dhapasi, Kathmandu	014380223, +977-980899240
20	Norvic International Hospital	Thapathali, Kathmandu	014258554, 014258553
21	Capital Hospital Pvt. Ltd	Putalisadak, Kathmandu	014168284, 014168222
22	Vinayak Hospital and Prasuti Griha Pvt. Ltd	Gongabu, Kathmandu	014383152
23	Ayurved Hospital	Nardevi hospital	01220764, 01228182
24	Bankali Hospital	Gausala, Kathmandu	01470302
25	Chest Hospital	Kalimati, Kathmandu	01270329
26	Chhetrapati  Free Hospital	Chhetrapati, kathmandu	014257911
27	Hospital for Advanced Medicine and Surgery (HAMS)	Buddhanagar, Kathmandu	014786111
28	Helping Hands Community Hospital	Chabhil, Kathmandu	014470615
29	Nepal Orthopedic Hospital	Jorpati, Kathmandu
30	People’s Dental College and Hospital	Nayabazar, Kathmandu	014358937, 014358866
31.	Nepal medical college(NMC)	Jorpati, Kathmandu	014911008
32.	International friendship Children hospital (IFCH)	Maharajgung, Kathmandu	014411134, 014416838
33.	National dental hospital	Lazimpat, Kathmandu	014437252
34.	Kathmandu hospital Pvt. Ltd	Tripureshowr, Kathmandu	01422656, 014262194
35.	Life Care hospital	Sundhara , Kathmandu	1-4227735, 4255330
36.	Chirayu National Hospital And Medical Institute Pvt. ltd	Basundhara, kathmandu	014382382; 01438382; 014381770; 9801138222
37.	Sushma Koirala Memorial (SKM) Hospital	Sankhu, kathmandu	014450826, 014450826, 014450304, 014450304
38.	Blue Cross Hspital	Tripureshowr, Kathmandu	01426027
39.	Janamaitri Hospital	Balaju, Ringroad, Kathmandu	014366301, 014366302
40.	Siddhartha Apollo Hospital	Kamaladi, Kathmandu	014426961, 014426959